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Airframe
A-F

1. Why is TIG (GTA) welding preferred over oxy-acetylene welding for building and repairing welded steel tube aircraft structure?

ANS:
The heat is concentrated in the weld and does not cause as much distortion as gas welding.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Welding NAT: AM.II.A.K13

2. What are two types of electric resistance welding used in aircraft construction?

ANS:
Spot welding and seam welding.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Welding NAT: AM.II.A.K16

3. Why is it important that the pressure of the gas in an acetylene cylinder be kept low?

ANS:
Acetylene gas becomes unstable when it is kept under pressure of more than about 15 psi.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Welding NAT: AM.II.A.K11

4. What determines the amount of heat that is put into a weld by an oxy-acetylene torch?

ANS:
The size of the orifice in the torch tip.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Welding NAT: AM.II.A.K12

5. What is the difference in the appearance of an oxidizing flame, a neutral flame, and a reducing flame produced by an oxy-acetylene torch?

ANS:
An oxidizing flame has a pointed inner cone, and the torch makes a hissing noise. A neutral flame has a rounded inner cone, and there is no feather around the inner cone. A reducing flame has a definite feather around the inner cone.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Welding NAT: AM.II.A.K12

6. What is meant by tack welding?

ANS:
Tack welding is the use of small welded spots to hold the material together until the final bead is run.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Welding NAT: AM.II.A.K16

7. Why must thick plates of metal be preheated before they are welded?

ANS:
Preheating is a method of controlling the expansion and contraction of the metal that is being welded. Preheating minimizes the stresses that are caused when welding thick metal.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Welding NAT: AM.II.A.K16

8. Why is it important that all traces of the welding flux be removed after a piece of aluminum or magnesium is welded?

ANS:
Welding flux is corrosive and it must be removed to keep the metal from corroding.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Welding NAT: AM.II.A.K16

9. What is the function of the inert gas that is used in TIG (GTA) and MIG (GMA) welding?

ANS:
The inert gas forms a shield to keep oxygen away from the weld puddle so oxides cannot form and weaken the weld.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Welding NAT: AM.II.A.K14

10. What is the difference between brazing and welding?

ANS:
In brazing, the base metal is not melted, but is covered with a low-melting-point alloy. In welding, the base metal is melted.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Welding NAT: AM.II.A.K16

11. What is used as the electrode in TIG (GTA) welding?

ANS:
A small-diameter tungsten wire.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Welding NAT: AM.II.A.K16

12. Is a heat-treated steel part normally repairable by welding?

ANS:
No, welding destroys the heat treatment.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Welding NAT: AM.II.A.K16

13. What is the function of the flux in brazing and soldering?

ANS:
Flux covers the cleaned and heated metal to keep oxygen away from it. Oxides keep the solder or brazing material from adhering to the surface of the metal.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Welding NAT: AM.II.A.K16

14. What kind of solder is recommended for soldering electrical wires?

ANS:
60/40 resin-core solder.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Welding NAT: AM.II.A.K16

15. What kind of flame should be used when gas welding aluminum?

ANS:
A soft, neutral oxy-hydrogen flame is recommended.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Welding NAT: AM.II.A.K12

16. What is an acceptable acetylene line pressure to use when welding with an oxy-acetylene rig?

ANS:
About five psi.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Welding NAT: AM.II.A.K12

17. What kind of flame should be used when gas welding stainless steel?

ANS:
A slightly carburizing flame.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Welding NAT: AM.II.A.K12

18. How much should the bead penetrate the material when welding two pieces of steel with a butt weld?

ANS:
The joint should have 100% penetration.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Welding NAT: AM.II.A.K16

19. What is meant by a soft flame?

ANS:
A soft flame is one that is made when the pressures of the gases are low enough that the flame does not make a noise and does not blow the puddle.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Welding NAT: AM.II.A.K12

20. What must be done to an aircraft fuel tank before it can be repaired by welding?

ANS:
The gas fumes must all be purged from the tank by running live steam through it for at least 30 minutes, by soaking it in hot water, or by filling it with nitrogen or carbon dioxide.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Welding NAT: AM.II.A.K16

Subject A.

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1. Which species of wood is considered to be the standard when comparing other woods for use in aircraft structure?

ANS:
Sitka spruce.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Wood NAT: AM.II.B.K3

2. What is the basic difference between plywood and laminated wood?

ANS:
The grain in each layer of laminated wood runs in the same direction. The grain in the layers of plywood runs at 90 degrees or 45 degrees to each other.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Wood NAT: AM.II.B.K3

3. What kind of glue is recommended for making a repair to a wooden aircraft structure?

ANS:
Synthetic resin glue.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Wood NAT: AM.II.B.K1

4. How is aircraft plywood prepared for making a compound bend?

ANS:
The wood is soaked in hot water until it is pliable.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Wood NAT: AM.II.B.K1

5. How is pressure applied to the glued joint when splicing a wooden aircraft wing spar?

ANS:
With cabinetmakers parallel clamps.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Wood NAT: AM.II.B.K1

6. How much pressure must be applied to a glue joint in a piece of softwood to produce a strong joint?

ANS:
125 to 150 pounds per square inch.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Wood NAT: AM.II.B.K1

7. What is the correct repair to a wooden aircraft wing spar if the wing-attach bolt holes in the spar are elongated?

ANS:
Splice in a new section of the spar and drill new holes.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Wood NAT: AM.II.B.K6

8. What kind of repair is recommended for a hole in the plywood skin of an aircraft wing?

ANS:
A scarf patch.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Wood NAT: AM.II.B.K6

9. What is the recommended taper for a splayed patch in a plywood aircraft skin?

ANS:
5 to 1.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Wood NAT: AM.II.B.K6

10. What is the recommended taper for a scarf patch in a plywood aircraft skin?

ANS:
12 to 1.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Wood NAT: AM.II.B.K6

11. Why should sandpaper never be used when preparing a scarf joint in a wing spar for splicing?

ANS:
The dust caused by sanding will plug the pores of the wood so the glue cannot get in to form a good bond.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Wood NAT: AM.II.B.K6

12. What is the largest hole in a plywood wing skin that can be repaired with a fabric patch?

ANS:
One inch in diameter.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Wood NAT: AM.II.B.K6

13. Why are light steel bushings often used in bolt holes in a wooden wing spar?

ANS:
The bushing keeps the spar from being crushed when the nut on the attachment bolt is tightened.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Wood NAT: AM.II.B.K1

14. How long should a glue joint be kept under pressure when splicing a wooden aircraft wing spar?

ANS:
For at least seven hours.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Wood NAT: AM.II.B.K6

15. Are mineral streaks in a piece of structural aircraft wood reason for rejecting the wood?

ANS:
No, if there is no evidence of decay in the wood.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Wood NAT: AM.II.B.K5

16. Which area of a wooden aircraft wing spar must not contain any splice?

ANS:
There must be no splice under wing-attach fittings, landing gear fittings, engine mount fittings, or lift and interplane strut fittings.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Wood NAT: AM.II.B.K6

17. How is compression wood identified?

ANS:
It has a high specific gravity, it appears to have an excessive growth of summer wood, and little contrast between the spring wood and the summer wood.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Wood NAT: AM.II.B.K5

18. What is done to a splice in a wooden aircraft wing spar to strengthen the splice?

ANS:
Reinforcing plates are glued to both sides of the splice.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Wood NAT: AM.II.B.K6

19. Why must abrupt changes in the cross-sectional area of a wooden structural member be avoided?

ANS:
Abrupt changes in the cross-sectional area of a structural member concentrate stresses and can cause failure.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Wood NAT: AM.II.B.K5

Subject B.

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1. What are three types of fabric that can be used to cover an aircraft?

ANS:
Cotton fabric, synthetic fabric, and glass fabric.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Covering NAT: AM.II.B.K8

2. What paperwork must be completed if an aircraft that was originally covered with Grade-A cotton fabric is re-covered using a synthetic fabric?

ANS:
The covering must be done according to a Supplemental Type Certificate, and a Form 337 must be executed, stating that all materials and processes complied with the requirements of the STC.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Covering NAT: AM.II.B.K10

3. What type of rib lacing cord is recommended for attaching cotton fabric to an aircraft structure?

ANS:
Waxed linen cord.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Covering NAT: AM.II.B.K13

4. How wide should the surface tape be that is used to cover the trailing edge of an aircraft wing?

ANS:
Three inches wide

PTS: 1 OBJ: Covering NAT: AM.II.B.K14

5. Why is the surface tape used on the trailing edge of the control surfaces of some airplanes notched?

ANS:
Since the edges of this tape face into the wind, it is possible that it could start to lift and form a very effective spoiler. If the tape is notched, it will tear off at a notch.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Covering NAT: AM.II.B.K14

6. What is the purpose of the reinforcing tape that is used between the fabric and the rib lacing on an aircraft wing?

ANS:
The reinforcing tape keeps the rib lacing cord from pulling through the fabric.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Covering NAT: AM.II.B.K14

7. Should a sewed seam in the fabric used to cover an aircraft wing run spanwise or chordwise?

ANS:
Both spanwise and chordwise seams are permissible, but chordwise seams are preferred.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Covering NAT: AM.II.B.K9

8. What is the preferred seam used for machine-sewing pieces of aircraft fabric together?

ANS:
The French fell seam.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Covering NAT: AM.II.B.K9

9. What type of material is used for inter-rib bracing in a fabric-covered aircraft wing?

ANS:
Cotton reinforcing tape.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Covering NAT: AM.II.B.K11

10. What type of knot is used for locking the stitches that are used for rib lacing on a fabric-covered aircraft wing?

ANS:
A modified seine knot.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Covering NAT: AM.II.B.K13

11. What determines the spacing of the rib lacing stitches on a fabric-covered aircraft wing?

ANS:
The never-exceed speed of the aircraft.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Covering NAT: AM.II.B.K13

12. When is the finishing tape applied to a fabric-covered wing when it is being recovered?

ANS:
After the second coat of dope has dried and the nap of the fabric has been sanded off.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Covering NAT: AM.II.B.K10

13. What is the recommended type of repair to a fabric-covered aircraft surface when it has an L-shaped tear with each of the legs of the tear more than 14 inches long?

ANS:
If the never-exceed speed of the aircraft is less than 150 miles per hour, a doped-on repair can be made.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Covering NAT: AM.II.B.K17

14. What type of hand-sewing stitch is used when sewing in a panel of new fabric on an aircraft fabric-covered wing?

ANS:
A baseball stitch, locked every eight to ten stitches.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Covering NAT: AM.II.B.K9

15. What is the minimum strength to which aircraft fabric is allowed to deteriorate before it is considered to be unairworthy?

ANS:
Fabric can deteriorate to 70% of the strength of the fabric that is required for the aircraft.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Covering NAT: AM.II.B.K16

16. What is an antitear strip, and when are they required on a fabric-covered aircraft?

ANS:
An antitear strip is a strip of the same type of fabric as is used for covering the wings. It is laid over the rib between the reinforcing tape and the fabric. An antitear strip is required for aircraft that have a never-exceed speed in excess of 250 miles per hour.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Covering NAT: AM.II.B.K17

17. When are drainage grommets applied when an aircraft is being re-covered?

ANS:
They are laid into the third coat of dope, at the same time the surface tape is applied.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Covering NAT: AM.II.B.K11

18. Where are drainage grommets located on a fabric-covered aircraft wing?

ANS:
At the lowest point in each bay. It is customary to install a grommet on each side of a wing rib, on the underside of the wing, at the trailing edge.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Covering NAT: AM.II.B.K11

19. How is the strength of the fabric on an aircraft structure determined?

ANS:
An approximate strength test can be made with an FAA-approved fabric punch tester, but the only way to know for sure that the fabric has sufficient strength is by pull-testing a one-inch-wide sample of the fabric.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Covering NAT: AM.II.B.K18

20. Why are some portions of the structure of an aircraft dope proofed before they are covered with fabric?

ANS:
Dope proofing keeps the fabric from sticking to the structure when the first coat of dope is applied. The fabric normally sags enough to touch the structure before it begins to pull taut.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Covering NAT: AM.II.B.K11

21. What is done to cotton and linen fabric to protect it from mildew?

ANS:
The first coat of dope that is used on cotton and linen fabric has a mildewcide mixed in it.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Covering NAT: AM.II.B.K15

22. How is polyester synthetic fabric shrunk on an aircraft structure?

ANS:
It is shrunk with heat from an iron or from a heated blower.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Covering NAT: AM.II.B.K8

Subject B.

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1. What are three requirements for a repair to a piece of sheet metal aircraft structure?

ANS:
The repair must restore the lost strength and rigidity, and it must not change the aerodynamic shape of the part.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Sheet Metal and Non Matallic Structures
NAT: AM.II.A.K3

2. When making a riveted repair to an aircraft sheet metal structure, which should be the stronger, the shear strength of the rivet, or the bearing strength of the metal sheet?

ANS:
The two strengths should be close to each other, but the bearing strength of the sheet should be the greater.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Sheet Metal and Non Matallic Structures
NAT: AM.II.A.K3

3. What kind of stress is in the upper skin of an aircraft wing in flight?

ANS:
Compression.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Sheet Metal and Non Matallic Structures
NAT: AM.II.A.K17

4. What type of device is a Cleco fastener?

ANS:
A patented fastener that is inserted in the rivet holes and is used to hold two pieces of sheet metal together until they can be riveted.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Sheet Metal and Non Matallic Structures
NAT: AM.II.A.K4

5. What is the main function of throatless shears in an aircraft sheet metal shop?

ANS:
Throatless shears are used to cut mild carbon steel up to 10-gage, and stainless steel up to 12-gage. They can be used to cut irregular curves in the metal.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Sheet Metal and Non Matallic Structures
NAT: AM.II.A.K4

6. What is the purpose of a sight line when laying out sheet metal to be bent in a cornice brake?

ANS:
The sight line allows the jaws of a cornice brake to be positioned so the bend made by the brake will start at the bend tangent line.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Sheet Metal and Non Matallic Structures
NAT: AM.II.A.K4

7. What kind of metal forming is done by a slip roll former?

ANS:
Simple curves with a large radius.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Sheet Metal and Non Matallic Structures
NAT: AM.II.A.K4

8. What kind of metal forming is done by bumping?

ANS:
Compound curves in sheet metal.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Sheet Metal and Non Matallic Structures
NAT: AM.II.A.K4

9. What must be done to the flanges of an angle for it to be curved?

ANS:
The flanges must be stretched for a convex curve and shrunk for a concave curve.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Sheet Metal and Non Matallic Structures
NAT: AM.II.A.K4

10. What is meant by the bend allowance used in making a bend in a piece of sheet metal?

ANS:
The bend allowance is the amount of metal that is actually used in making the bend in a piece of sheet metal.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Sheet Metal and Non Matallic Structures
NAT: AM.II.A.K4

11. What determines the minimum bend radius that can be used with a piece of sheet metal?

ANS:
The thickness of the material and its hardness.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Sheet Metal and Non Matallic Structures
NAT: AM.II.A.K4

12. What is meant by setback when bending a piece of sheet metal in a cornice brake?

ANS:
Setback is the distance the jaws of the brake must be set back from the mold line to form the bend.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Sheet Metal and Non Matallic Structures
NAT: AM.II.A.K4

13. Why are the lightening holes in a sheet metal wing rib flanged?

ANS:
Flanging the lightening holes gives the rib rigidity.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Sheet Metal and Non Matallic Structures
NAT: AM.II.A.K4

14. When hand-forming a piece of sheet metal that has a concave curve, should the forming be started in the center of the curve, or at its edges?

ANS:
Start at the edges and work toward the center.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Sheet Metal and Non Matallic Structures
NAT: AM.II.A.K4

15. What is meant by a joggle in a piece of sheet metal?

ANS:
A joggle is a small offset near the edge of a piece of sheet metal that allows the sheet to overlap another piece of metal.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Sheet Metal and Non Matallic Structures
NAT: AM.II.A.K4

16. When drilling stainless steel, should the drill be turned fast or slow?

ANS:
It should be turned slowly.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Sheet Metal and Non Matallic Structures
NAT: AM.II.A.K4

17. What is the minimum edge distance allowed when installing rivets in a piece of aircraft sheet metal structure?

ANS:
Two times the diameter of the rivet.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Sheet Metal and Non Matallic Structures
NAT: AM.II.A.K7

18. What is the recommended transverse pitch to use when making a riveted two-row splice in a piece of sheet metal?

ANS:
Three-fourths of the pitch of the rivets in the rows.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Sheet Metal and Non Matallic Structures
NAT: AM.II.A.K7

19. Why should aluminum alloy rivets be driven with as few blows as is practical?

ANS:
Excessive hammering will work-harden the rivets and make them difficult to drive.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Sheet Metal and Non Matallic Structures
NAT: AM.II.A.K8

20. What determines whether a piece of sheet metal should be dimpled or countersunk when installing flush rivets?

ANS:
The thickness of the sheet. Countersinking should be done only when the thickness of the sheet is greater than the thickness of the rivet head.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Sheet Metal and Non Matallic Structures
NAT: AM.II.A.K5

21. What type of metal should be hot-dimpled?

ANS:
7075-T6, 2024-T81 aluminum alloys, and magnesium alloys should be hot-dimpled.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Sheet Metal and Non Matallic Structures
NAT: AM.II.A.K5

22. What kind of repair can be made to a small damage of the core material and one face sheet of a piece of aluminum alloy honeycomb structure?

ANS:
A potted compound repair.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Sheet Metal and Non Matallic Structures
NAT: AM.II.A.K3

23. What special precautions must be taken when repairing a radome?

ANS:
Nothing must be done to the radome that will affect its electrical transparency or its aerodynamic strength.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Sheet Metal and Non Matallic Structures
NAT: AM.II.B.K22

24. How is the point of a twist drill ground that is to be used for drilling transparent acrylic material?

ANS:
The cutting edge should be dubbed off to a zero rake angle, and the included angle of the tip should be ground to 140 degrees.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Sheet Metal and Non Matallic Structures
NAT: AM.II.B.K25

25. What causes crazing in a piece of transparent acrylic material?

ANS:
Uneven stresses in the material, usually caused by heat.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Sheet Metal and Non Matallic Structures
NAT: AM.II.B.K23

26. What is the purpose of anodizing a piece of aluminum alloy, and how is it applied?

ANS:
Anodizing is a protective oxide film that is deposited on the surface of aluminum alloy by an electrolytic process.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Sheet Metal and Non Matallic Structures
NAT: AM.II.A.K5

Subject B.

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1. Why is it specially important that the leading edge of a wing and the upper surface of the forward half of the wing be kept free of dents and any dirt or contamination?

ANS:
The air flowing over this portion of the wing must be smooth to produce the maximum amount of lift. If the surface is rough or dirty, the air flow will be distorted and lift will be lost.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Rigging NAT: AM.II.C.K12

2. What is meant by the angle of attack of an airplane wing?

ANS:
The acute angle that is formed between the chord line of an airfoil and the direction of the air that strikes it.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Rigging NAT: AM.I.J.K8

3. What are the four basic forces that act on an aircraft in flight?

ANS:
Lift, drag, thrust, and gravity.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Rigging NAT: AM.I.J.K8

4. What is meant by the angle of incidence of an airplane wing?

ANS:
The acute angle that is formed between the chord line of an airfoil and the longitudinal axis of the aircraft on which it is mounted.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Rigging NAT: AM.I.J.K8

5. What causes parasite drag on an airplane?

ANS:
The friction of the air flowing over the surface.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Rigging NAT: AM.I.J.K8

6. Name the three axes of an airplane and the control that rotates the airplane about each of its three axes.

ANS:
Longitudinal axisailerons Lateral axiselevators Vertical axisrudder

PTS: 1 OBJ: Rigging NAT: AM.I.J.K8

7. Does the lift that is produced by the horizontal tail surfaces of an airplane act upward or downward in normal flight?

ANS:
Downward.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Rigging NAT: AM.II.C.K11

8. What is the function of lateral dihedral in the wings of an airplane?

ANS:
Lateral dihedral gives the aircraft roll stability, or stability about the longitudinal axis.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Rigging NAT: AM.II.C.K12

9. What is the purpose of a stall strip on an airplane wing?

ANS:
Stall strips distort the air flowing over the top of the wing in the root area at high angles of attack. They cause the root of the wing to stall out at a lower angle of attack than the portion of the wing ahead of the ailerons.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Rigging NAT: AM.II.C.K12

10. What is the function of a servo tab on an aircraft control surface?

ANS:
A servo tab produces an aerodynamic force on a control surface that aids the pilot in moving the surface.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Rigging NAT: AM.II.C.K13

11. Why do most high-performance aircraft use slotted flaps?

ANS:
Slotted flaps can be deflected to a greater angle than other types of flaps before the airflow over their surface breaks away.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Rigging NAT: AM.II.C.K12

12. What is the purpose of a movable slat in the leading edge of some airplane wings?

ANS:
The movable slat remains flush with the leading edge of the wing during all low-angle-of-attack flight conditions. When the angle of attack becomes high, the slat automatically moves out of the wing and forms a duct which forces the air back over the upper surface of the wing. This delays the stall.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Rigging NAT: AM.II.C.K13

13. What causes dissymmetry of lift produced by the rotor of a helicopter?

ANS:
The forward speed of the helicopter produces dissymmetry of lift. The rotor blade which is traveling forward as the helicopter is flying produces more lift than the blade that is traveling rearward.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Rigging NAT: AM.II.N.K1

14. Why do single-rotor helicopters use an auxiliary rotor on their tail?

ANS:
The thrust from the auxiliary rotor on the tail of the helicopter counteracts the torque produced by the main rotor.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Rigging NAT: AM.II.N.K1

15. Why is it important that the leading edge of a supersonic airplane wing be kept free from dents and damage?

ANS:
A sharp leading edge allows an oblique shock wave to attach to the airfoil in supersonic flight. If the leading edge is dented or blunt, a normal shock wave will form and slow the air immediately behind it to a subsonic velocity.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Rigging NAT: AM.II.C.K12

16. What is the purpose of vortex generators on the wing of a high-speed airplane?

ANS:
Vortex generators pull high-energy air down to the surface of the wing and keep shock-induced separation from occurring.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Rigging NAT: AM.I.J.K11

17. Why are the control cables of large airplanes normally equipped with automatic tension regulators?

ANS:
The large amount of aluminum in the aircraft structure contracts so much as its temperature drops in flight that the control cables could become dangerously loose. The automatic tension regulators keep the cable tension constant as the dimensions of the aircraft change.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Rigging NAT: AM.II.C.K10

18. Why is it important that the blades of a helicopter rotor system be in track?

ANS:
If the blades are not in track, vertical vibration can develop.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Rigging NAT: AM.II.N.K8

19. Why is it important that any repairs to the control surfaces of an airplane not change their original condition of balance about their hinge line?

ANS:
A control surface that is out of static balance can flutter in certain flight conditions. Flutter normally tears the surface off the aircraft.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Rigging NAT: AM.II.C.K9

20. In what FAA publication could you find correct control surface movement for a particular airplane?

ANS:
In the Type Certificate Data Sheet for the airplane

PTS: 1 OBJ: Rigging NAT: AM.II.C.K10

Subject C.

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1. What must the mechanic furnish the owner or operator of an aircraft if the aircraft he is giving a 100-hour inspection to proves to be unairworthy?

ANS:
A signed and dated list of all of the discrepancies that keep the aircraft from being airworthy.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Aircraft Inspections NAT: AM.II.D.K1

2. Where can you find the recommended statement to use for recording the approval or disapproval of an aircraft for return to service after a 100-hour inspection?

ANS:
In 14 CFR §43.11.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Aircraft Inspections NAT: AM.II.D.K2

3. Under what conditions can an aircraft be operated with a 100-hour inspection overdue?

ANS:
The aircraft can be operated for no more than 10 hours after an inspection is due for the purpose of flying it to a place where the inspection can be performed.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Aircraft Inspections NAT: AM.II.D.K1

4. For how long can an aircraft be operated if a 100-hour inspection is overdue?

ANS:
For no more than 10 hours. This time beyond the 100 hours allowed must be subtracted from the time before the next inspection is due.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Aircraft Inspections NAT: AM.II.D.K1

5. Under what conditions can an aircraft that is due an annual inspection be operated?

ANS:
It can only be flown when a special flight permit is issued.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Aircraft Inspections NAT: AM.II.D.K8

6. What certification is required for a mechanic to be able to approve an aircraft for return to service after a 100-hour inspection?

ANS:
A mechanic certificate with Airframe and Powerplant ratings.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Aircraft Inspections NAT: AM.II.D.K8

7. What determines whether or not an aircraft must be given a 100-hour inspection?

ANS:
Aircraft that carry persons for hire and aircraft that are used for flight instruction for hire must be given 100-hour inspections.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Aircraft Inspections NAT: AM.II.D.K1

8. What is the difference between an annual inspection and a 100-hour inspection?

ANS:
The inspections themselves are identical. An annual inspection can be performed only by an A&P mechanic who holds an Inspection Authorization, while a 100-hour inspection can be performed by an A&P mechanic without an IA.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Aircraft Inspections NAT: AM.II.D.K8

9. What certification is required for a mechanic to conduct an annual inspection and approve the aircraft for return to service after the inspection?

ANS:
A mechanic certificate with Airframe and Powerplant ratings and an Inspection Authorization.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Aircraft Inspections NAT: AM.II.D.K8

10. Does the FAA require that a checklist be used when conducting an annual or a 100-hour inspection?

ANS:
Yes, according to 14 CFR §43.15(c)(1).

PTS: 1 OBJ: Aircraft Inspections NAT: AM.II.D.K2

11. What certification is required for a mechanic to conduct a progressive inspection?

ANS:
A mechanic certificate with an Airframe and Powerplant ratings and an Inspection Authorization.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Aircraft Inspections NAT: AM.II.D.K5

12. Where can you find the requirements for inspecting the altimeter and static system of aircraft that are operated under Instrument Flight Rules?

ANS:
In 14 CFR Part 43, Appendix E.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Aircraft Inspections NAT: AM.II.D.K5

13. Where can you find the requirements for inspecting the ATC transponder that is installed in an aircraft?

ANS:
In 14 CFR Part 43, Appendix F.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Aircraft Inspections NAT: AM.II.D.K5

Subject D.

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1. What takes up the shock of the landing impact in an oleo shock strut?

ANS:
The metered transfer of oil from one compartment to another inside the shock strut.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Landing Gear NAT: AM.II.E.K3

2. What takes up the taxi shocks in an oleo shock strut?

ANS:
Compressed air.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Landing Gear NAT: AM.II.E.K3

3. How much oil should be put into an oleo shock strut?

ANS:
Deflate the strut completely, remove the filler plug and fill the strut with oil to the level of the filler plug.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Landing Gear NAT: AM.II.E.K3

4. What is the purpose of the centering cam in a nose-wheel shock strut?

ANS:
The centering cam forces the nosewheel straight back with the strut before it is retracted into the nose wheel well.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Landing Gear NAT: AM.II.E.K5

5. How does a shimmy damper keep a nosewheel from shimmying?

ANS:
It acts as a small hydraulic shock absorber between the piston and the cylinder of the nosewheel shock strut.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Landing Gear NAT: AM.II.E.K5

6. What is the purpose of the debooster in a hydraulic power brake system?

ANS:
The debooster decreases the pressure and increases the volume of fluid going to the brakes. This gives the pilot better control of the brakes.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Landing Gear NAT: AM.II.E.K8

7. What should be done to hydraulic brakes when the pedal has a spongy feel?

ANS:
The spongy feel is caused by air in the brake. The brakes should be bled of this air.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Landing Gear NAT: AM.II.E.K7

8. What is used in a split wheel to keep air from leaking between the two wheel halves?

ANS:
An O-ring seal.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Landing Gear NAT: AM.II.E.K9

9. What causes an aircraft tire to wear more on the shoulders than in the center of the tread?

ANS:
Operating the tire in an underinflated condition.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Landing Gear NAT: AM.II.E.K11

10. What causes an aircraft tire to wear more in the center of the tread than on the shoulders?

ANS:
Operating the tire in an overinflated condition.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Landing Gear NAT: AM.II.E.K11

11. What should be done to an aircraft tire if the sidewalls are weather checked enough to expose the cord?

ANS:
The tire should be scrapped.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Landing Gear NAT: AM.II.E.K11

12. Why is it important that some aircraft with retractable landing gear be given a retraction test after new or retreaded tires are installed?

ANS:
It is possible in some aircraft that a new or retreaded tire can be different enough in size from the previous tire that it could lock up in the wheel well when the landing gear is retracted.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Landing Gear NAT: AM.II.E.K11

13. How is the correct amount of air in an oleo shock strut determined?

ANS:
By the amount the strut extends out of the cylinder when the weight of the aircraft is on it.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Landing Gear NAT: AM.II.E.K3

14. What should be done with a tire that was on a wheel which was overheated enough to melt the fusible plug in the wheel?

ANS:
The tire should be scrapped.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Landing Gear NAT: AM.II.E.K11

15. Where can you find the correct inflation pressure for the tires on an aircraft?

ANS:
In the aircraft service manual.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Landing Gear NAT: AM.II.E.K10

16. What is the purpose of the compensator port in the master cylinder of aircraft brakes?

ANS:
The compensator port in the master cylinder opens the brake reservoir to the wheel cylinders when the brakes are off. This prevents pressure from building up in the brake lines and causing the brakes to drag.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Landing Gear NAT: AM.II.E.K12

17. What is the purpose of the shuttle valve in the brake system of an aircraft using hydraulic power brakes?

ANS:
The shuttle valve is an automatic transfer valve. It allows the brakes to be operated by hydraulic system pressure under all normal conditions, but if this pressure is lost, it allows the brakes to be operated by the emergency backup system.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Landing Gear NAT: AM.II.E.K12

18. How does an antiskid brake system keep the wheels of an aircraft from skidding on a wet runway?

ANS:
The antiskid system monitors the rate of deceleration of the wheels. If any wheel slows down faster than it should (as it would at the beginning of a skid), the pressure on the brake in that wheel is released until the wheel stops decelerating, then the pressure is reapplied.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Landing Gear NAT: AM.II.E.K8

Subject E.

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1. What are the two basic types of hydraulic fluid that are used in modern aircraft?

ANS:
Mineral base fluid and phosphate ester base fluid.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Hydraulic and Pnuematic NAT: AM.II.F.K1

2. What kind of filter is a micronic filter?

ANS:
A filter with a special paper element.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Hydraulic and Pnuematic NAT: AM.II.F.K11

3. Does the main hydraulic pump take its fluid from the bottom of the reservoir, or from a standpipe?

ANS:
The main pump normally takes its fluid from a standpipe, while the emergency pump takes its fluid from the bottom of the reservoir. If a break in the system should allow the main pump to pump all of its fluid overboard, there will still be enough fluid in the reservoir to allow the emergency system to extend the landing gear and actuate the brakes.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Hydraulic and Pnuematic NAT: AM.II.F.K2

4. Why are some hydraulic reservoirs pressurized?

ANS:
Pressurization ensures that fluid will be supplied to the inlet of the pumps at high altitude where there is not enough atmospheric pressure to do this.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Hydraulic and Pnuematic NAT: AM.II.F.K1

5. What is a double-action pump?

ANS:
A pump that delivers fluid with the movement of the pump handle in both directions.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Hydraulic and Pnuematic NAT: AM.II.F.K1

6. Why do most engine-driven hydraulic pumps have a shear section in their drive couplings?

ANS:
If the pump should seize, the shear section will break, disconnecting the pump from the engine and preventing further damage.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Hydraulic and Pnuematic NAT: AM.II.F.K4

7. What does an unloading valve do in a hydraulic system?

ANS:
The unloading valve, or pressure regulator, controls system pressure by shifting the pump outlet fluid from the pressurized system back into the reservoir when the system pressure is high enough. The fluid circulates with very little load on the pump until the system pressure drops to the regulator kick-in value. The pump then forces fluid into the system until the pressure builds back up to the regulator kick-out value.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Hydraulic and Pnuematic NAT: AM.II.F.K2

8. What is the purpose of an accumulator in an aircraft hydraulic system?

ANS:
The accumulator holds pressure on the hydraulic fluid in the system. The pressure is held by compressed air or nitrogen acting on the fluid through a bladder, a diaphragm, or a piston.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Hydraulic and Pnuematic NAT: AM.II.F.K2

9. What is the purpose of an orifice check valve in an aircraft hydraulic system?

ANS:
An orifice check valve allows full flow of fluid in one direction through the valve, but restricts the flow in the opposite direction.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Hydraulic and Pnuematic NAT: AM.II.F.K1

10. Where are line-disconnect fittings normally located in an aircraft hydraulic system?

ANS:
Normally in the lines that connect the engine-driven pump to the aircraft hydraulic system.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Hydraulic and Pnuematic NAT: AM.II.F.K4

11. What is meant by a single-action hydraulic actuating cylinder?

ANS:
A linear actuating cylinder that uses hydraulic fluid under pressure to move the piston in only one direction. The piston is returned by a spring.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Hydraulic and Pnuematic NAT: AM.II.F.K1

12. What is the source of the compressed air that is used in a medium-pressure pneumatic system on a turbine-engine powered aircraft?

ANS:
This air is normally bled from one of the stages of the engine compressor.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Hydraulic and Pnuematic NAT: AM.II.F.K5

13. What kind of device is used to control the speed of movement of the piston in a pneumatic actuator?

ANS:
A variable orifice.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Hydraulic and Pnuematic NAT: AM.II.F.K5

14. Why do most high-pressure pneumatic systems include a moisture separator?

ANS:
When the pressure of the stored air is reduced to the value that is needed in the system, the temperature drops enough to freeze any water that is in the air. The moisture separators remove this water before it can freeze and block the system.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Hydraulic and Pnuematic NAT: AM.II.F.K5

15. What is the difference between an open-center selector valve and a closed-center selector valve?

ANS:
Open-center selector valves are installed in series with each other, and the hydraulic fluid flows through their center when no component is being actuated. The valves act as a pump unloading valve. Closed-center selector valves are installed in parallel with each other. They direct fluid under pressure to one side of the actuator, and fluid from the other side of the actuator to the system return manifold. In their off position, they trap fluid in the lines between the valve and the actuator.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Hydraulic and Pnuematic NAT: AM.II.F.K2

16. What is used to flush a hydraulic system that uses Skydrol hydraulic fluid?

ANS:
Trichlorethylene.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Hydraulic and Pnuematic NAT: AM.II.F.K1

17. What is used to flush a hydraulic system that uses mineral base hydraulic fluid?

ANS:
Naphtha, varsol or Stoddard solvent.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Hydraulic and Pnuematic NAT: AM.II.F.K1

18. Where can you find the type of hydraulic fluid that is required for a particular aircraft?

ANS:
In the maintenance manual for the aircraft. This information is also on a placard on the system reservoir.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Hydraulic and Pnuematic NAT: AM.II.F.K3

19. What is used to remove phosphate-ester base hydraulic fluid from aircraft tires?

ANS:
Soap and water.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Hydraulic and Pnuematic NAT: AM.II.F.K8

20. What must be done to the lines that are disconnected when servicing an aircraft hydraulic system?

ANS:
They must be capped with the correct fluid line cap or plug. Masking tape or other types of adhesive tape should never be used.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Hydraulic and Pnuematic NAT: AM.II.F.K4

21. What are two ways aircraft hydraulic reservoirs may be pressurized?

ANS:
By an aspirator in the fluid return line or by bleed air from one of the engine compressors.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Hydraulic and Pnuematic NAT: AM.II.F.K1

22. Why do some hydraulic pressure gages have a snubber installed between them and the hydraulic pump?

ANS:
The snubber keeps the gage from fluctuating.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Hydraulic and Pnuematic NAT: AM.II.F.K4

Subject F.

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